Recherches sur la cognition animale au CRCA

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Labelling mouse brain sections via immunohistochemistry (IHC). The baths in which these sections are immersed contain antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then placed in baths to wash them, and the proteins are detected via fluorescence or visible light. The brains used are from…

Mounting brain sections on slides after labelling via immunohistochemistry (IHC), for viewing through a microscope. These sections have been immersed in baths containing antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then immersed in a bath that allows the detection of proteins via…

Mounting brain sections on slides after labelling via immunohistochemistry (IHC), for viewing through a microscope. These sections have been immersed in baths containing antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then immersed in a bath that allows the detection of proteins via…

Mounting brain sections on slides after labelling via immunohistochemistry (IHC), for viewing through a microscope. These sections have been immersed in baths containing antibodies that make it possible, in the experiment, to locate doublecortin proteins, which are markers of immature neurons. The study focuses on adult neurogenesis, i.e. the development of neurons during adulthood, in the hippocampus. The sections are then immersed in a bath that allows the detection of proteins via…

Séchage de coupes de cerveaux colorées et disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l'apparition d'une contre coloration marquant les noyaux des cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués, un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Observation au microscope à champ large de lames de coupes de cerveaux de souris après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). La chercheuse compte les cellules marquées, soit les cellules immatures. La coloration rose permet l'apparition d'une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitant l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Ce microscope permet de faire des observations en fluorescence ou en méthode visible. Les coupes observées ont été…

Observation au microscope à champ large de lames de coupes de cerveaux de souris après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). La chercheuse compte les cellules marquées, soit les cellules immatures. La coloration rose permet l'apparition d'une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitant l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Ce microscope permet de faire des observations en fluorescence ou en méthode visible. Les coupes observées ont été…

Observation au microscope à champ large de lames de coupes de cerveaux de souris après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). La chercheuse compte les cellules marquées, soit les cellules immatures. La coloration rose permet l'apparition d'une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitant l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Ce microscope permet de faire des observations en fluorescence ou en méthode visible. Les coupes observées ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Coloration de coupes de cerveaux de souris disposées sur des lames après marquage par immunohistochimie (IHC). Les bains de coloration rose permettent l’apparition d’une contre coloration marquant les noyaux de cellules, facilitent l’identification des aires du cerveau et des zones d’accumulation. Deux autres bains sont effectués : un à forte concentration en alcool déshydrate les coupes, l’autre, composé d’un solvant organique, les clarifie en éliminant les lipides. Ces coupes ont été…

Mouse being placed in an arena designed to test its spatial memory. The test is based on the capacity of mice to remember the location of objects present in the arena. The first stage involves placing the mouse in the arena with two identical objects so it can familiarise itself with them and learn their position. A striped visual pattern helps the mouse orient itself in the space. To avoid placing the animal under stress, the test environment does not receive direct light. After this first…

Mouse exploring its environment in an arena designed to test its spatial memory. The test is based on the capacity of mice to remember the location of objects present in the arena. The first stage involves placing the individual in the arena with two identical objects so it can familiarise itself with them and learn their position. A striped visual pattern helps the mouse orient itself in the space. To avoid placing the animal under stress, the test environment does not receive direct light…

Mouse exploring its environment in an arena designed to test its spatial memory. The test is based on the capacity of mice to remember the location of objects present in the arena. The first stage involves placing the individual in the arena with two identical objects so it can familiarise itself with them and learn their position. A striped visual pattern helps the mouse orient itself in the space. To avoid placing the animal under stress, the test environment does not receive direct light…

Analysis of mouse movements in a spatial memory testing arena using trajectory analysis software. The movements and behaviour of the animal in the arena are monitored via camera and analysed using special software. During the test, the mouse is first placed in the arena with two identical objects so it can familiarise itself with them and learn their position. A striped visual pattern helps the mouse orient itself in the space, and the test environment does not receive direct light so as to…

Mouse exploring the open arm of an elevated plus maze. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines and…

Mouse at the centre of a plus maze during an exploratory phase. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines…

Mouse at the centre of a plus maze during an exploratory phase. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines…

Mouse at the centre of a plus maze during an exploratory phase. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines…

Mouse exploring the open arm of an elevated plus maze. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines and…

Mouse exploring the open arm of an elevated plus maze. This test can be used to measure anxiety levels in animals. It is based on the natural preference of rodents for closed spaces, which are more reassuring, in comparison to open spaces, which increase anxiety. The less anxious the mouse, the more likely it is to explore the open arms of the maze. By measuring the time spent in the open arms and the closed arms, it is possible to compare the anxiety levels of different mouse lines and…

Mouse being placed in a Barnes maze in order to test its spatial memory. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity…

Mouse being placed in a Barnes maze in order to test its spatial memory. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity…

Mouse being placed in a Barnes maze in order to test its spatial memory. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Mouse during an exploratory phase in a Barnes maze. The maze has 20 holes, with only one leading to a refuge. The mouse is first placed in the middle of the maze using a beaker. It will quickly try to shelter due to its aversion to the brightly lit environment. The mouse completes several sessions to test its capacity to find the refuge identified the first time again. After the learning phase, the position of the exit hole may be changed to evaluate the animal’s capacity to take on board a…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Social recognition test on mice. The mouse tested, referred to as the reference mouse, is placed in the middle of a system comprising three chambers linked by doors. A mouse familiar to the reference mouse is placed in a cage in a chamber at one end. Another mouse, not known by the reference mouse, is placed at the other end. A trajectory analysis device quantifies the frequency of interactions between the free mouse and each of the other two mice. The test is performed on mice with Alzheimer’s…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Placing a juvenile spider in an arena for a sociality test. This spider will then be exposed to another young spider so that their interactions can be studied. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies.

Juvenile spider during a sociality test. Two young spiders are placed in this arena in order to study their interactions. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during the juvenile phase prior to dispersion. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies.

Study of the behaviour of two juvenile spiders during a sociality test. Here, the research scientists are analysing their interactions and measuring the time that the individuals spend aggregated. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the…

Study of the behaviour of two juvenile spiders during a sociality test. Here, the research scientists are analysing their interactions and measuring the time that the individuals spend aggregated. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the…

Study of the behaviour of a spider faced with a lure. This device makes it possible to study the influence of cuticular compounds on interactions between spiders, which are generally solitary. These compounds could play a major role in the transition from the social phase of juveniles to the solitary phase of older individuals. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting…

Study of the behaviour of a spider faced with a lure. This device makes it possible to study the influence of cuticular compounds on interactions between spiders, which are generally solitary. These compounds could play a major role in the transition from the social phase of juveniles to the solitary phase of older individuals. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting…

Study of the behaviour of a spider faced with a lure. This device makes it possible to study the influence of cuticular compounds on interactions between spiders, which are generally solitary. These compounds could play a major role in the transition from the social phase of juveniles to the solitary phase of older individuals. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting…

Study of the behaviour of a spider faced with a lure. This device makes it possible to study the influence of cuticular compounds on interactions between spiders, which are generally solitary. These compounds could play a major role in the transition from the social phase of juveniles to the solitary phase of older individuals. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Feeding spiders before sociality tests. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. Research scientists are trying to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies. To do this, they compare the behaviour of spiders found locally and in French Guiana, examining in particular how the availability…

Humidifying a vivarium containing local solitary spiders. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. The spiders here undergo different tests so that their interactions can be analysed. These experiments make it possible to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies.

Humidifying a vivarium containing local solitary spiders. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. The spiders here undergo different tests so that their interactions can be analysed. These experiments make it possible to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies.

Humidifying a vivarium containing local solitary spiders. Spiders are generally solitary, but go through a temporary social period during their juvenile phase, which then ceases during the dispersion phase. The spiders here undergo different tests so that their interactions can be analysed. These experiments make it possible to identify the fundamental mechanisms that favour the emergence of cooperation between individuals leading to the formation of lasting societies.

Study of the behaviour of fungus-growing ants, Atta laevigata, in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, South American ants also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail…

Study of the behaviour of fungus-growing ants, Atta laevigata, in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, South American ants also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail…

Study of the behaviour of fungus-growing ants, Atta laevigata, in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, South American ants also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail…

Study of the behaviour of fungus-growing ants, Atta laevigata, in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, South American ants also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail…

Study of the behaviour of fungus-growing ants, Atta laevigata, in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, South American ants also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf placed in a box, in order to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf placed in a box, in order to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf placed in a box, in order to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata carrying pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata carrying pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. In this experimental device, they move into the nest built through a tube. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium…

Experimental device reproducing the structure of a colony of the fungus-growing ants Atta laevigata. The jars, linked via tubes, contain the various spaces of the colony, from the nest chamber hollowed out inside the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus to the dump where the anthill waste is deposited. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as …

Experimental device reproducing the structure of a colony of the fungus-growing ants Atta laevigata. The jars, linked via tubes, contain the various spaces of the colony, from the nest chamber hollowed out inside the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus to the dump where the anthill waste is deposited. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as …

Atta laevigata nest built inside the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. The "minor" ants take the sections of leaf brought by the workers to feed the fungus. They then cut them up into smaller pieces and use them to cultivate the fungus, building their nest by hollowing out chambers inside it, and using it to feed their larvae. Atta ants, also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. This symbiosis is…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail marked on the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata in the laboratory, travelling between their nest and a box containing vegetation. These ants cut and gather pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical trail marked on the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata carrying pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata carrying pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata carrying pieces of leaf to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus in an experimental device reproducing their journeys along trails to the colony. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf placed in a box to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical…

Ants of the species Atta laevigata cutting and gathering pieces of leaf placed in a box to feed the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Atta ants, tropical ants from South America also known as leafcutter ants, live in symbiosis with the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which they feed and feed from in turn. The ants known as "majors" or "soldiers" use their powerful jaws to cut the leaves into pieces, which are then transported by the medium-sized workers. The "minors" follow a chemical…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Apprentissage visuel discriminatif chez l'abeille testé en réalité virtuelle. Une abeille est fixée et placée sur un compensateur de locomotion constitué d'une boule en polystyrène posée sur un coussin d'air, ce qui permet à l'abeille de la bouger avec le seul mouvement de ses pattes. Ce système est dit en "closed-loop", cela signifie que chaque mouvement de l'abeille, enregistré grâce à deux capteurs de part et d'autres du compensateur, entraîne un mouvement de l'image à l'écran ; ce qui…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Appetite conditioning device for bees. The test is based on the observation that when their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees react by extending their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association. Once this has been learned, the bee will extend its proboscis on detecting the neutral odour alone. The experiment is filmed so that the bees’…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Proboscis extension reflex (PER) appetite conditioning device for bees. When their antennae come into contact with a sugary solution, bees extend their proboscis (mouthparts specialising in suction). Research scientists initially present a neutral odour together with the sugary solution, causing the bee to form an association between the odour and the sugary reward. Here, the experimenter is rewarding the bee by presenting it with a toothpick soaked in sugar solution. Once this has been learned…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Phototaxis aversive conditioning device for bees. This device comprises two compartments illuminated independently by 38 RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Bees do not see red light. The experiment makes use of bees’ innate phototaxis (attraction to light). It involves attracting the bee from a red compartment (which is dark for the bee) to a compartment illuminated in blue or green. Video analysis software is used to record the position of the bee over time. When the bee enters the illuminated…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Cylinder containing 240 fruit flies for conditioning before a memory test. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the second odour, on the other. It seems that the number of conditioned fruit flies…

Preparation of fruit flies for conditioning followed by a memory test. For conditioning, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one…

Placing cylinders containing fruit flies into a conditioning device. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the second odour, on the other. It seems that the number of conditioned fruit flies that…

Placing cylinders containing fruit flies into a conditioning device. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the second odour, on the other. It seems that the number of conditioned fruit flies that…

Placing cylinders containing fruit flies into a conditioning device. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the second odour, on the other. It seems that the number of conditioned fruit flies that…

Device to condition fruit flies before a memory test. Three cylinders, each containing 240 fruit flies in six tubes, are fastened to this device. First, the flies are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle may be repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the…

Retrieving fruit flies after conditioning for a memory test. For this test, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle is repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the…

Retrieving fruit flies after conditioning for a memory test. For this test, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle is repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the…

Retrieving fruit flies after conditioning for a memory test. For this test, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle is repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the…

Retrieving fruit flies after conditioning for a memory test. For this test, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle is repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase, which takes place on another device, involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the…

Tubes containing fruit flies for conditioning before a memory test. For this test, the fruit flies are placed in a cylinder with six holes, with 40 flies per hole. First, they are exposed to an odour together with an immediate electric shock. They are then exposed to a different odour without any shock. This cycle is repeated several times to engage their long-term memory. The third phase involves placing the flies between the first odour, on one side, and the second odour, on the other side…

Placing fruit flies in a device to test learning or memory. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed…

Placing fruit flies in a device to test learning or memory. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed…

Placing fruit flies in a device to test memory. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed, such as…

Fruit fly learning or memory test. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed, such as how social…

Fruit fly learning or memory test. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed, such as how social…

Fruit fly learning or memory test. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed, such as how social…

Fruit fly learning or memory test. Preconditioned flies have the option of moving either towards an odour that was delivered with an electric shock during conditioning, on one side, or towards an odour not associated with an electric shock, on the other. The results show that the number of these flies that move towards the second odour (without a shock) is 30-40% higher in comparison to so-called "naive" (unconditioned) fruit flies. Other parameters can also be analysed, such as how social…

Handling the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob". The many characteristics of this primitive, unicellular organism include the ability to heal itself in less than two minutes and reorganise its entire venous system in three hours. It can also be cloned if it is cut into 1-mm pieces. Sensitive to light, it grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi. It can double in size each day. Although it has no brain, it is capable of learning from its…

Cutting up the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob". The many characteristics of this primitive, unicellular organism include the ability to heal itself in less than two minutes and reorganise its entire venous system in three hours. It can also be cloned if it is cut into 1-mm pieces. Sensitive to light, it grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi. It can double in size each day. Although it has no brain, it is capable of learning from its…

Handling the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", after it has been cut in two. The many characteristics of this primitive, unicellular organism include the ability to heal itself in less than two minutes and reorganise its entire venous system in three hours. It can also be cloned if it is cut into 1-mm pieces. Sensitive to light, it grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi. It can double in size each day. Although it has no brain, it is…

Watering a Petri dish intended for the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob". This primitive, unicellular organism grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi, which it digests using chemical substances. It can double in size each day. If it dries out, it forms a sclerotium (the overwintering form of fungi) and eliminates accumulated toxicity. Just a few drops of water are all it takes to revive it. It is also sensitive to light, and is kept in…

Placing the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", in a damp Petri dish. This primitive, unicellular organism grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi, which it digests using chemical substances. It can double in size each day. If it dries out, it forms a sclerotium (the overwintering form of fungi) and eliminates accumulated toxicity. Just a few drops of water are all it takes to revive it. It is also sensitive to light, and is kept in an…

Feeding the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", with rolled oats. This primitive, unicellular organism grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi, which it digests using chemical substances. In the laboratory, research scientists feed it with rolled oats. If it is fed correctly, it can double in size each day and grow to measure up to 10 m2. If it dries out, it forms a sclerotium (the overwintering form of fungi) and eliminates accumulated…

Feeding the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", with rolled oats. This primitive, unicellular organism grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi, which it digests using chemical substances. In the laboratory, research scientists feed it with rolled oats. If it is fed correctly, it can double in size each day and grow to measure up to 10 m2. If it dries out, it forms a sclerotium (the overwintering form of fungi) and eliminates accumulated…

Watering the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", which has been fed with rolled oats. This primitive, unicellular organism grows in damp environments and feeds on bacteria and fungi, which it digests using chemical substances. In the laboratory, research scientists feed it with rolled oats. It can double in size each day. If it dries out, it forms a sclerotium (the overwintering form of fungi) and eliminates accumulated toxicity. Just a few drops of water…

Placing the social amoeba Physarum polycephalum, commonly referred to as the "blob", in an incubator. Kept in Petri dishes, this primitive, unicellular organism is fed and watered to begin with. The blob can double in size each day, and moves by extending its pseudopodia while contracting its membrane and venous system. In the laboratory, research scientists keep it in an incubator as it does not tolerate much light and needs to be kept damp. This also lets them observe its development via an…

Observation of embryonic cortical neurons from the brain of a rat using a fluorescence microscope. Research scientists observe the mitochondria (cell energy centres) to determine their number, size and distribution in the various neuronal compartments (dendrites, axons and synapses). The mitochondria form a more or less interconnected network. Their size varies depending on the neuronal compartment and the physiological and pathological context. For example, in dominant optic atrophy, a…

Observation of embryonic cortical neurons from the brain of a rat using a fluorescence microscope. Research scientists observe the mitochondria (cell energy centres) to determine their number, size and distribution in the various neuronal compartments (dendrites, axons and synapses). The mitochondria form a more or less interconnected network. Their size varies depending on the neuronal compartment and the physiological and pathological context. For example, in dominant optic atrophy, a…

Observation of embryonic cortical neurons from the brain of a rat using a fluorescence microscope. Research scientists observe the mitochondria (cell energy centres) to determine their number, size and distribution in the various neuronal compartments (dendrites, axons and synapses). The mitochondria form a more or less interconnected network. Their size varies depending on the neuronal compartment and the physiological and pathological context. For example, in dominant optic atrophy, a…